|
1 |
﴾بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ﴿ |
١ |
| 2. Short vowels and other auxiliary signs | ٢) الْحَرَكَاتُ |
In Arabic script short vowels are usually omitted except for some religious texts and elementary schoolbooks. However, special auxiliary signs and markers indicate how the words are to be read. If the auxiliary signs are written, the text is called vocalized text, if not, it is an unvocalized text.
|
فَتْحَة Fatḥa |
short a sound, small diagonal line above the letter: بَـ ba, فَـ fa, وَ wa, Fatḥa preceding Alif = long ā: مَا mā |
|
كَسْرَة Kasra |
short i sound, small diagonal line below the letter: بـِ bi, لـِ li, مِـ mi, Kasra preceding Yā’ = long ī: كَبِير kabīr (big) |
|
ضَمَّة Ḍamma |
short u sound, a small Wāw above the letter: هُنَا hunā (hier), Ḍamma preceding Wāw = long ū: نُون Nūn |
|
سُكُون Sukūn |
Absence of a vowel; small circle above the letter: أَنْتَ anta (du), مِنْ min (of, from ) |
|
شَدَّة Šadda |
Doubling sign in the shape of a small Sīn above the letter; Fatḥa and Ḍamma are written above, and Kasra below the Shadda; the doubled consonant is pronounced clearly prolonged: شُبَّاك šubbāk (window), مُعَلِّم mu‛allim (teacher ) |
|
مَدَّة Madda |
Short, slanted line above Alif (آ) marking Hamza and long ‘ā:
أَلْآنَ al’āna (now), قُرْآن qur’ān ( Qur‘an ) |
|
Diphthonge: |
Vowel combination: Fatḥa – Wāw – Sukūn or Fatḥa – Yā’ – Sukūn respectively are used for aw und ay: لَوْح lauḥ (blackboard), بَيْت bait (house ) |
↑The instructor indicates the different vocalizations of كتب and explains the formation of words and phrases. The students repeat reading out loud.
|
مُكَاتِب |
كَاتِبَة |
كَاتِب |
كُتُب |
كِتَاب |
كُتِبَ |
كَتَبَ |
|
mukātib |
kātiba |
kātib |
kutub |
kitāb |
kutiba |
kataba |
|
correspondent |
writer, author (fem.) | writer, author |
books |
book |
it was written |
to write; he wrote |
|
كِتَابِيّ |
كَتَّبَ |
مَكْتَبَة |
مَكْتَب |
مَكْتُوب |
أُكْتُبْ |
أَكْتُبُ |
|
kitābī |
kattaba |
maktaba |
maktab |
maktūb |
uktub |
aktubu |
|
written (adjective) |
to make s.o. write |
library |
office |
written |
Write! |
I write |
5