• The Arabic script is written from right to left.
• With the exception of و ز ر ذ د ا, which must not be connected to the left, all other letters are connected to both sides.
• The letters have different sizes, but there are no capital letters.
• The Arabic script has only few shapes of letters. In order to differentiate between letters of the same shape, diacritical dots are used.
• Letters have a basic shape that differs slightly depending on their position in the word.

11

---

ENGLISCH

• These remarks about Arabic script apply to both print and handwriting. However, in handwriting letters are often written in a simplified way.
• From the beginning, the instructor should write all shapes of the letters and words on the board, in order for the students to start reading and writing the script at the same time.
• In the writing exercises, we begin with handwriting and gradually move to typing on the computer, so that learners memorize both forms when reading and writing.

١٢ يشرح المعلّم خصائص الخطّ العربيّ ويكتب كلّ حرف على حدة وفي كلّ أشكاله. ينسخ الطلبة ما كتبه المعلّم ويجمع المعلّم الأحرف المتشابهة في مجموعات.

The instructor prepares exercise 13 by writing the individual letters and combinations of letters on the blackboard and illustrates their spelling several times. Letters of the same basic form (ـبـ، ـتـ، ـثـ، ـنـ، ـيـ) are grouped together. By showing samples, the instructor explains the homework and draws the students’ attention to those letters, which cannot be connected to the left. In preparation of the homework, students should watch the video “Writing Arabic“ at www.modern-standard-arabic.net, where writing techniques are shown. Here are the letters in their different shapes and positions:

12

The combinations of letters at the beginning of the writing exercises are samples for the learners’ first writing attempts. The writing exercises are structured according to the similarity of letters.

١٣   أُربطوا الأحرف واقرؤوا وترجموا المفردات بمساعدة المعلّم وأعيدوا نفس التمارين بالكمبيوتر.

   ا أ إ آ ـا، بـ ـبـ ـب ب، تـ ـتـ ـت ت، ثـ ـثـ ـث ث، نـ ـنـ ـن ن، يـ ـيـ ـي ي، بت بن بي

   جـ ـجـ ـج ج، حـ ـحـ ـح ح، خـ ـخـ ـخ خ

   د ـد، ذ ـذ، ر ـر، ز ـز، و ـو، ير يد خذ بو

13

   سـ ـسـ ـس س، شـ ـشـ ـش ش، سا سيـ، صـ ـصـ ـص ص، ضـ ـضـ ـض ض، ضر، طـ ـطـ ـط ط، ظـ ـظـ ـظ ظ، بط طنـ

   عـ ـعـ ـع ع، غـ ـغـ ـغ غ، فـ ـفـ ـف ف، قـ ـقـ ـق ق، كـ ـكـ ـك ك، لـ ـلـ ـل ل، لا ـلا، عيـ يه فل فكـ كا حق

14

   مـ ـمـ ـم م، هـ ـهـ ـه ە، ـة ة، لم مـجـ مـما يها فيه طة لـها