{"id":5542,"date":"2017-08-01T10:37:49","date_gmt":"2017-08-01T10:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/modern-standard-arabic.net\/?page_id=5542\/"},"modified":"2020-07-06T11:06:42","modified_gmt":"2020-07-06T09:06:42","slug":"lesson-18-english","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/modern-standard-arabic.net\/en\/lesson-18-english\/","title":{"rendered":"Lesson 18 – English"},"content":{"rendered":"
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18<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\ufd3e\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b\ufd3f<\/span><\/td>\n\n

\u0661\u0668<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

18<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ufd3e<\/span>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b<\/span>\ufd3f <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0635 (\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 <\/strong><\/span>\u0639\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/span> (\u0661\u0668)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646<\/strong> \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/span> (\u0661\u0668)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0661<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0662\u060c \u0662\u0666<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u060c \u0662\u0665
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0662<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
\n

\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0666\u060c \u0667\u060c \u0661\u0662\u060c \u0661\u0663<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0663\u060c \u0664\u060c \u0665\u060c \u0668\u060c \u0669\u060c \u0661\u0660\u060c \u0661\u0661<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0663<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0661\u0665\u060c \u0661\u0669<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0664\u060c \u0661\u0666\u060c \u0661\u0667\u060c \u0661\u0668
\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0664 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0664<\/strong><\/span>\u0663\u0666<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0663\u0663<\/strong>\u060c \u0663\u0664<\/strong>\u060c \u0663\u0665<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0665<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0663\u0667\u060c \u0663\u0669<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0666\u060c \u0667<\/strong> <\/span><\/td>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0666<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0662\u0661<\/strong>\u060c \u0662\u0662<\/strong>\u060c \u0662\u0664<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0662\u0660\u060c \u0662\u0663 \/ \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0661\u0662\u060c \u0661\u0663\u060c \u0661\u0665\u060c \u0661\u0669<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0667<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0663\u0660\u060c \u0663\u0661\u060c \u0663\u0662<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\u0662\u0667\u060c \u0662\u0668\u060c \u0662\u0669<\/strong> <\/span><\/td>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0668 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\u0664\u0660 \/<\/strong><\/span> \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0662\u0661\u060c \u0662\u0662\u060c \u0662\u0664\u060c \u0663\u0660\u060c \u0663\u0662<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0669<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\u0663\u0668 \/ \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628 \u0663\u0669<\/strong> <\/span><\/td>\n\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0661\u0660 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0663\u0666\u060c \u0663\u0667<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0661\u0661 <\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631<\/strong><\/span> (\u0661\u0668)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0629 \u0661\u0662<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

462<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

18<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ufd3e<\/span>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b<\/span>\ufd3f <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

1. \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u060c \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span><\/strong> and others<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661<\/strong>) \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u060c \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u060c \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0648 \u063a\u06cc\u0631\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Conjunctions of time express temporal relations. The action of the subordinate clause can take place before <\/strong>or after <\/strong>the action of the main clause or at the same time<\/strong>. Main clause and subordinate clause are in most cases interchangeable.<\/p>\n

\n

a)\u00a0actions of both clauses occur at the same time <\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n
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when<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \/ \u062d\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong> \/<\/strong> \u062d\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e<\/strong> + \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0636\u064d oder<\/span> \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e + \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064d \/ \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064d \/ \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0639\u064c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

When I played, Ahmad came into the room.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628\u064f \u062f\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u063a\u064f\u0631\u0652\u0641\u064e\u0629\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ahmad came, when I played.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0628\u064f.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\n

as soon as, when<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \/ \u062d\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \/ \u062d\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e <\/strong>+ \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0639\u064c<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I will inform them about this problem as soon as \/ when I meet them.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0633\u064e\u0623\u064f\u0637\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0639\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0647\u0670\u0630\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0636\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650 \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u062d\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/span> or \u062d\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e<\/span> have the same meaning as \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/span>, which is more frequent.<\/p>\n

Often \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 <\/span>+ \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0639\u064c<\/span> occurs in the conditional sense \u00bbif, in case<\/em>\u00ab.<\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

while, when<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 <\/strong><\/span>+ \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0636\u064d<\/span>\u00a0 or \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e\/\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/span> + \u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064f \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u0644\u064d \/ \u0645\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064d<\/span> or \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0639\u064c<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I did the work while Ahmad was absent.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0632\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064f \u063a\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I do the work while Ahmad is absent.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062c\u0650\u0632\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064f \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064f \u063a\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Export has increased while import has decreased.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0625\u0650\u0631\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0639\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0635\u0652\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0652\u062e\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0636\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0650\u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064f.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Simultaneous actions can also be expressed by the following, less frequent conjunctions:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

as soon as; when<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The president escaped when the army entered the capital.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0633\u064f \u062d\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0634\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

while<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(very rare<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

They still talk about peace while they witness the devastation of the country.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0632\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0644\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650 \u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0634\u0652\u0647\u064e\u062f\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062f\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

as long as<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

We all stay here as long as he is in the city.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0646\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0649 \u0643\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0651\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0629\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

when; while<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He went to the night clubs while the people suffered from hunger.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0633\u064e\u0647\u0650\u0631\u064e \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0646\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064d \u0641\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0639\u0652\u0628\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064f\u0648\u0639\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0641\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

whenever<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Whenever he came \/ comes, they laughed \/ laugh.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062c\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e \/ \u064a\u064e\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0621\u064f \u0636\u064e\u062d\u0650\u0643\u064f\u0648\u0627 \/ \u064a\u064e\u0636\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0643\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

when<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

When they arrived with their cars, they entered the school.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0650\u0633\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0650\u0645\u0652 \u062f\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0629\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

no sooner had he \u2026 than …<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

No sooner had the police arrived than the Minister of Finance escaped.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u064e\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064f\u0651\u0631\u0652\u0637\u064e\u0629\u064f \u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 …<\/strong> \u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

463<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

18<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ufd3e<\/span>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b<\/span>\ufd3f <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n\n
\n

as long as<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

We stay here as long as the students are in the city.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0646\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0642\u064e\u0649 \u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0651\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0628\u064f \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0629\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

unless<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The war is inevitable unless the positions change.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u064e\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0631\u0652\u0628\u064f \u062d\u064e\u062a\u0652\u0645\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064c \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u062a\u064e\u063a\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0642\u0650\u0641\u064f.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e<\/span> is used in the Perfect tense and conjugated like \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

As long as \/ while I \/ you \u2026 am \/ are \u2026 here, he will not sleep.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0652\u062a\u064f \/ \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0652\u062a\u064e \/ \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0627 \/ \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0652\u062a\u0650 \/ \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e \/ \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e\u0627 \/ \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e\u062a\u0652 \/ \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0627 \/ \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \/ \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0645\u0652 \/ \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0651 \/ \u062f\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0627 \/ \u062f\u064f\u0645\u0652\u0646\u064e \u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

The following nouns in the accusative, too, are used in order to express simultaneous actions:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

at the hour \/ when<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He arrived at the hour of his father\u2019s death.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062a\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u062f\u0650\u0647\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

at the time\/ when<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He arrived at the time of his father\u2019s death.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0642\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062a\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u062f\u0650\u0647\u0650. <\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0648\u064e\u0642\u0652\u062a\u064e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

on the day \/ when<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He arrived on the day of his father\u2019s death.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u064e \u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0648\u0652\u062a\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0650\u062f\u0650\u0647\u0650. <\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064e<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Concurrent action of the main clause and the subordinate clause may also be expressed by the conditional clause (\u2191\u1e24<\/em>\u0101l<\/em>).<\/p>\n

b) action of the subordinate clause preceeds the main clause<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\n

after\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/strong> + \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0636\u064d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I went home after I finished work.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0630\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0628\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u0650 \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0632\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span>functions in the same way:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

After the train had arrived, Ahmad welcomed the guests.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0642\u0650\u0637\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0631\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064e \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064f\u0651\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0650. <\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

The conjunctions \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 <\/span>and \u062d\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 <\/span>also express this time frame; however, it is difficult to differentiate them from \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652<\/span> \u00bbafter<\/em>\u00ab or from <\/span>\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span> \u00bbwhen, after<\/em>\u00ab. \u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span>is used frequently in colloquial Arabic.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\n

since<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f (\u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652) <\/strong>+<\/strong> \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0636\u064d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I have been working as an interpreter since I graduated from university.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u062a\u064e\u063a\u0650\u0644\u064f \u0645\u064f\u062a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062c\u0650\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0630\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062c\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064e\u0629.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

c) action of the subordinate clause follows the main clause<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

before<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 <\/strong>+<\/strong> \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0639\u064c \u0645\u064e\u0646\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0628\u064c<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I ask my father before I write the letter.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0644\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a \u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

until<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 <\/strong>+<\/strong> \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064e\u0627\u0636\u064d<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

He worked until he had accomplished the tasks.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0639\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0644\u064e \u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0632\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

until<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 <\/strong>+<\/strong> \u0641\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064c \u0645\u064f\u0636\u064e\u0627\u0631\u0650\u0639\u064c<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

The election was postponed until the conference is finished.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062a\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651 \u062a\u064e\u0623\u0652\u062c\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062a\u0650\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0628\u0650 \u0631\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0647\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0624\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0631\u064f.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

464<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

18<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ufd3e<\/span>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b<\/span>\ufd3f <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

However, a phrase with preposition and infinitive may be used instead:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0632\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e \/ \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0650<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

\u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0632\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

after his accomplishment of the work<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

instead of<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

after he had accomplished the work<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 \u0625\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0632\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \/ \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

\u062d\u064e\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0632\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0628\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

until his accomplishment of the tasks<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

instead of<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

until he had accomplished the tasks<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064e \/ \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u0650<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

\u0642\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0644\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064e<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

before his writing of the letter<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

instead of<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

before he had written the letter<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\"\"<\/strong> \u0668\u060c \u0669\u060c \u0661\u0660\u060c \u0661\u0661\u060c \u0661\u0662\u060c \u0661\u0663\u060c \u0661\u0664\u060c \u0661\u0665<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

2<\/strong>. Sentences with <\/strong><\/span>\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652\/ (\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651 \/ \u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652\/ (\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u064e\u0627<\/strong>)
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0662<\/strong>) (\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652 \/ (\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651 \/ \u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652 \/ (\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u064e\u0627<\/strong>
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

The conjunctions \u0648\u064e)\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652\/ (\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651 \/ \u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652\/ (\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/span>)<\/span> \u00bbbut, however, though\u00ab modify the statement of the main clause or contrast it with the opposite meaning:<\/span><\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

but, however<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He came, but he forgot the book.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e (\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f \u0646\u064e\u0633\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

but, however<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He doesn\u2019t come to the lessons, but to the parties.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0636\u064f\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064f\u0651\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064e \u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

(not) but<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

They did not take the house away from him, but the car.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0630\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0647\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0633\u064e\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0628\u064e\u0644\u0652<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

but not<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The director of the company is generous, but not ignorant.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0650\u0643\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064c (\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u062c\u064e\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0644\u064c.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

(\u0648\u064e)\u0644\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/span>, like \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651 <\/span>and \u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/span>, is followed by a noun in the accusative or a pronominal suffix. \u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652 <\/span>is usually used after negations:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

I did not eat meat, but bread.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u0622\u0643\u064f\u0644\u0652 \u0644\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u062e\u064f\u0628\u0652\u0632\u064b\u0627. <\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ahmad did not get up, but Muhammad.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064c. <\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Ahmad got up, but Muhammad didn\u2019t.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064e \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u0652 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064c \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0645\u0652.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

465<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

18<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ufd3e<\/span>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b<\/span>\ufd3f <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

The prefix particle \u0641\u064e\u0640<\/span>, too, may translate \u00bbbut, however<\/em>\u00ab:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n
\n

He stood there, but no one moved.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0648\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0641\u064e \u0647\u064f\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0643\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u062a\u064e\u062d\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0643\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u062d\u064e\u062f\u064c.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

He was in the capital, but he did not meet the president.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0639\u0652 \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0633\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

In modern Arabic, \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0633\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064f<\/span> (\u2191L11) is also used in such sentences:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

He would have become crazy, but he found the solution.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0633\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0635\u0652\u0628\u0650\u062d\u064f \u0645\u064e\u062c\u0652\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0670\u0643\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f \u062a\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0651\u0644\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0651.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\"\"<\/strong> \u0661\u0666<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

3. Sentences with <\/strong>\u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/strong>\u060c <\/em><\/strong>\u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0663<\/strong>) \u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c<\/strong> \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651 <\/strong>\u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0634\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

The following conjunctions modify or restrict the action:<\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0634\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062d\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0636\u0652\u0639\u064e \u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f<\/strong> \u0631\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0636\u064e \u0634\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062d\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064e\u0651\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0635\u0650\u064a\u0644\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He explained the situation, but refused explaining the details. <\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

but, however<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627<\/strong> \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/strong> \u0642\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0647\u064f \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0632\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064f \u0642\u064e\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He has met them, but his decision still stands.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

but, however<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0647\u0670\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0646\u064e\u0627<\/strong> \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u0646\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064e\u0648\u064e\u0627\u0642\u0650\u0628\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

We wanted this solution, however we did not know the consequences.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

but, however<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u0670\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064c \u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0646\u064e\u0627<\/strong> \u0646\u064f\u0641\u064e\u0636\u0650\u0651\u0644\u064f \u062d\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062e\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0649.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

This is sensible, but we prefer other solutions.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

nevertheless<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n
\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/span><\/h6>\n<\/td>\n
\n

\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0633\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0644\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u063a\u0652\u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0648\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064f\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

Politics, however, is for morons and careerists.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

but, however<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

4. Sentences with <\/strong>\u0644\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0630\u0652\u060c \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064f <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0664<\/strong>) \u0644\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0630\u0652\u060c \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0634\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

The following conjunctions introduce sentences with \u00bbbecause, since, as<\/em>\u00ab. If the subordinate clause follows the main clause it is introduced by \u0644\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/span>, \u0625\u0650\u0630\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/span>, \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/span> or \u0630\u0670\u0644\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/span>. If the subordinate clause preceeds the main clause it is introduced by \u0628\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627<\/span> \u0623\u0646\u0651<\/span>\u00a0<\/span> or \u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span>(rare).<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

He did not write, because he was ill.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0652 \u0644\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f<\/strong> \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u060c \u0644\u0650\u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

He does not write, because he sleeps during the lessons.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0630\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f<\/strong> \u064a\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064f \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0652\u0633\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0625\u0650\u0630\u0652\u060c \u0625\u0650\u0630\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651 (\u0640\u0647\u064f)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

He does not write, because he sleeps during the lessons.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064f \u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f<\/strong> \u064a\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0645\u064f \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0631\u0652\u0633\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062d\u064e\u064a\u0652\u062b\u064f<\/strong> \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651 (\u0640\u0647\u064f)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

This plan is good, because it opens up new perspectives.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u0670\u0630\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0637\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064f \u062c\u064e\u064a\u0650\u0651\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064c \u0630<\/strong>\u0670<\/strong>\u0644\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627<\/strong> \u062a\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062d\u064f \u0622\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064b.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0630<\/strong>\u0670<\/strong>\u0644\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651 (\u0640\u0647\u064f)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Because he has studied in Egypt, he spoke Egyptian dialect.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0628\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f<\/strong> \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e \u064a\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0633\u064f \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u0643\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u0652\u062c\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0628\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651 (\u0640\u0647\u064f)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Because the books were new, they were not used.\u00a0 <\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0648\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627<\/strong> \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u064f\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064f \u062c\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064e\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644\u0652.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

If \u0644\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span>introduces the subordinate clause, then the main clause usually starts with \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0646\u064e <\/span>and \u0641\u064e\u0640 <\/span>+ verb or \u0641\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651 <\/span>+ noun or pronominal suffix.<\/p>\n

\"\" \u0661\u0667<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

466<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

18<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ufd3e<\/span>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b<\/span>\ufd3f <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

5. <\/strong>\u0641\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0665<\/strong>) \u0641\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0629\u0650<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

The particle \u0641\u064e\u0640 <\/span>introduces consecutive clauses after the main clause.<\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n\n
\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0636\u064f\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064f\u0651\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0633\u064e \u0641\u064e\u0641\u064e\u0634\u0650\u0644\u064e \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0650\u0627\u0645\u0652\u062a\u0650\u062d\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He did not attend in the classes and therefore failed in the examination.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u062a\u064e\u0623\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0651\u0631\u064e \u0628\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0639\u064e\u062a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0635\u064f\u0644\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064f\u0651\u062e\u0652\u0635\u064e\u0629\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

He was two hours late, and so he did not get the approval.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0641\u064e\u0640<\/span> also introduces causative clauses after a main clause:<\/p>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0637\u0650\u064a\u0639\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0648\u0645\u064e\u0629\u064f \u062d\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0627\u0643\u0650\u0644\u0650\u060c \u0641\u064e\u0647\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0633\u0652\u0628\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0647\u064e\u0627.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

The government cannot solve the problems, because it does not know their causes.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\u0641\u064e\u0640 <\/span>is often used with \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f ,<\/span>\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652<\/span> in front of a verb in the perfect tense. In these cases it also has a causative meaning. The same accounts for \u0641\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n
\n

I left the school, because I was afraid of the director.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u062f\u0652 \u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0623\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0631\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I left the school, because I was afraid of the director.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062e\u064e\u0631\u064e\u062c\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0652\u0631\u064e\u0633\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0641\u064e\u0625\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0650\u064a \u0643\u064f\u0646\u0652\u062a\u064f \u0623\u064e\u062e\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064f \u0645\u0650\u0646\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0631\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\"\"<\/strong> \u0661\u0668\u060c \u0661\u0669<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

6<\/strong>. <\/strong>The exception<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0666<\/strong>) \u0623\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u062b\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0649<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Exceptive sentences usually start with a negation, which is then further modified by an exceptive particle. The most common exceptive particle is \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span>\u00bbexcept<\/em>\u00ab or \u00bbonly<\/em>\u00ab, depending on the context. The noun of the exception in the negated expression takes the same case ending as the noun after the exceptive particle. Often, the former noun can be omitted, because it will be mentioned later anyway:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

No student came to the event except for the Egyptian students. \/ <\/em><\/p>\n

Only the Egyptian students came to the event.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0636\u064f\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0651\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0628\u064f<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0651\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0628\u064f<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0646\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0636\u064f\u0631\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0641\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064f\u0651\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0628\u064f<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650\u0635\u0652\u0631\u0650\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0646\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I don\u2019t buy any books except two Arabic books. \/ <\/em>
\nI only buy the two Arabic books.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a \u0643\u064f\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064b\u0627<\/strong> \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0634\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0631\u0650\u064a \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u0650\u062a\u064e\u0627\u0628\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0628\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

If the negated verb requires a preposition, then the following noun or pronominal suffix after \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span>is in the genitive case, too. The preposition may be repeated:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

I only welcome the foreign guests.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0631\u064e\u062d\u0650\u0651\u0628\u064f \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064f\u0651\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0650<\/strong> \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 (\u0628\u0650\u0640)\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064f\u0651\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0650<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u0628\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

467<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

18<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ufd3e<\/span>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b<\/span>\ufd3f <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

If the noun of the first clause is omitted, then the preposition must be mentioned after \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627<\/span>:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

I only welcome the foreign guests.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0631\u064e\u062d\u0650\u0651\u0628\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u0636\u064f\u0651\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0650<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u0628\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span>may also be followed by a pronoun, a prepositional phrase or a whole sentence.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Only he knows that.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064f \u0630\u0670\u0644\u0650\u0643\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

We only exceed them because of our knowledge.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0646\u064e\u0641\u064f\u0648\u0642\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0628\u0650 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064e\u062a\u0650\u0646\u064e\u0627.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

There are no contacts with them except within most narrow limits.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0650\u0651\u0635\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0627\u062a\u0650 \u0645\u064e\u0639\u064e\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0623\u064e\u0636\u0652\u064a\u064e\u0642\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064f\u062f\u064f\u0648\u062f\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

He only returned after 2 days.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062c\u0650\u0639\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0646\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

He only returned at 10:00 o\u2019clock.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0631\u0652\u062c\u0650\u0639\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0639\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0634\u0650\u0631\u064e\u0629\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

I only would like to say, \u2026<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0631\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u0623\u064e\u0642\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064e ...<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

You will only complete the work if you work more than 12 hours every day. <\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0652\u0647\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0650\u0630\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0645\u0650\u0644\u0652\u062a\u064e \u0643\u064f\u0644\u064e\u0651 \u064a\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0645\u064d \u0623\u064e\u0643\u0652\u062b\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0645\u0650\u0646 \u0661\u0662 \u0633\u064e\u0627\u0639\u064e\u0629\u064b.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

He only told them about his illness after he recovered from it.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0645\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0636\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u064e\u0639\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0623\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062a\u064e\u063a\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0628\u064e \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0647\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

We did not hear about this visit except when the delegation arrived in the capital.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u0646\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u0628\u0650\u0647\u0670\u0630\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064e\u0627\u0631\u064e\u0629\u0650 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0650\u0646\u0652\u062f\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0648\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062f\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0629\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

The combination \u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e <\/span>\/ \u0647\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u064e\u0627<\/span> is used in phrases:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

These words are only (= nothing but) an expression of his fear.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0647\u0670\u0630\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0643\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0645\u064e\u0627\u062a\u064f \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0647\u0650\u064a\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627<\/strong> \u062a\u064e\u0639\u0652\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0639\u064e\u0646\u0652 \u062e\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0641\u0650\u0647\u0650.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Aside from \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span>the conjunctions \u0633\u0650\u0648\u064e\u0649 <\/span>and \u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e <\/span>are used. They are always followed by nouns in the genitive:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n
\n

Only the Syrian friends stayed.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064e\u0628\u0652\u0642\u064e \u0633\u0650\u0648\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0623\u064e\u0635\u0652\u062f\u0650\u0642\u064e\u0627\u0621\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064f\u0651\u0648\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651\u064a\u0646\u064e.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Only Muhammad helped me.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0644\u064e\u0645\u0652 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u062f\u0652\u0646\u0650\u064a \u063a\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064d.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

In exceptive sentences without negation the noun after \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 <\/span>is always in the accusative.<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

All came except Muhammad.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062c\u064e\u0627\u0621\u064e \u0643\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064f\u0645\u0652 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

Aside from \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627<\/span>, other conjunctions for exceptive sentences without negation include \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627<\/span>\u060c \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 <\/span>or \u0641\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627<\/span>. Either the genitive or the accusative follows:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

All left the city except the Lebanese delegation.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u063a\u064e\u0627\u062f\u064e\u0631\u064e \u0643\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064f\u0645\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e\u0629\u064e \u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 \/ \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 \/ \u0641\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u062f\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062f\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u064a\u0650\u0651 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0652\u0648\u064e\u0641\u0652\u062f\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064f\u0651\u0628\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0651.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0637\u0652 <\/span>is used for \u00bbonly<\/em>\u00ab in standard and colloquial Arabic. In many dialects \u0628\u064e\u0633\u0651\u0652 <\/span>(bass) \u00bbonly<\/em>\u00ab replaces \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0637\u0652<\/span>.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n\n
\n

only 10 days \/ only 100 km<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0639\u064e\u0634\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064e\u0651\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0637\u0652<\/a> \/ \u0645\u0650\u0626\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0643\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0645\u0650\u062a\u0652\u0631\u064d \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0637\u0652<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

only 21 persons<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u064e\u062d\u064e\u062f\u064c \u0648\u064e\u0639\u0650\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064f\u0648\u0646\u064e \u0634\u064e\u062e\u0652\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064e\u0642\u064e\u0637\u0652<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

468<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

18<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ufd3e<\/span>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b<\/span>\ufd3f <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0645\u064f\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064c <\/span>\u00bbonly, merely, solely<\/em>\u00ab expresses a similar meaning and precedes indefinite nouns:<\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

We received the news solely by a letter.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062d\u064e\u0635\u064e\u0644\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0627 \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0652\u062e\u064e\u0628\u064e\u0631\u0650 \u0628\u0650\u0645\u064f\u062c\u064e\u0631\u064e\u0651\u062f\u0650 \u0631\u0650\u0633\u064e\u0627\u0644\u064e\u0629\u064d.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\"\"<\/strong> \u0662\u0660\u060c \u0662\u0661\u060c \u0662\u0662\u060c \u0662\u0663\u060c \u0662\u0664<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n\n\n\n
\n

sentence of exception<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u062b\u0652\u0646\u064b\u0649<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0661<\/strong><\/span> \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0651<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

aggravation, increasing gravity<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064f\u0645<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

influence; effect (on); track<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062c \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 (\u0639\u0644\u0649)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

to be connected; to follow one another<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 VI<\/span> (\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u064f\u0644\u064b\u0627)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

to gather; to meet (s.o.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0650\u062c\u0652\u062a\u0645\u0639 VIII<\/span> (\u064a\u062c\u0652\u062a\u0645\u0650\u0639\u064f \u0627\u062c\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627) \u0628\u0640\u0650 \/ \u0645\u0639<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

to hold; to take over (office, task)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 V<\/span> (\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0650\u0651\u064a\u064b\u0627)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

to lead (to)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 II<\/span> (\u064a\u064f\u0624\u062f\u0650\u0651\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0652\u062f\u0650\u064a\u0629\u064b) \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0649<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

accident; incident; occurrence<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0650\u062b \u062c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0650\u062b\u064f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

Australian<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651 \u062c ~\u0648\u0646\u064e<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

checking; limiting (verbal noun<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0650\u0646<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

readiness<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0639\u0652\u062f\u0627\u062f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

obtaining, attaining (to) (verbal noun<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062d\u064f\u0635\u064f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

resign (from)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0650\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 X<\/span> (\u064a\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0642\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0633\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b) \u0645\u0650\u0646<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

constitution<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062f\u064f\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0631 \u062c \u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0650\u064a\u0631\u064f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

to confess s.th., to admit<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0650\u0639\u0652\u062a\u0631\u0641 VIII<\/span> (\u064a\u0639\u0652\u062a\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064f \u0627\u0639\u0652\u062a\u0650\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627) \u0628\u0650\u0640<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

while, as long as; when; until (conj<\/em>.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0631\u064a\u0652\u062b\u0645\u0627<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

to announce; to make s.th. known<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0646 IV<\/span> (\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0650\u0646\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0639\u0652\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627) \u0639\u0646<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

prime minister, premier<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0631\u0626\u0650\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u064f\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064e \u062c \u0631\u064f\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621\u064f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

majority<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u063a\u0652\u0644\u0628\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0629<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

witness<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0650\u062f \u062c \u0634\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0648\u062f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

to assure; to confirm<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0623\u0643\u0651\u062f II<\/span> (\u064a\u064f\u0624\u0643\u0650\u0651\u062f\u064f \u062a\u0623\u0652\u0643\u0650\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

eyewitness<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0634\u0627\u0647\u0650\u062f \u0639\u0650\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064d \u062c \u0634\u064f\u0647\u064f\u0648\u062f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

to break down; to be destroyed<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0627\u0650\u0646\u0652\u0647\u0627\u0631 VII<\/span> (\u064a\u0646\u0652\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064f \u0627\u0646\u0652\u0647\u0650\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

personality<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0634\u062e\u0652\u0635\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062c ~\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

parliament<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0628\u0631\u0652\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c ~\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

tape (recording); reel<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0634\u0631\u0650\u064a\u0637 \u062c \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0650\u0637\u064f\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0652\u0631\u0650\u0637\u0629<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

on account of, due to, because of (prep<\/em>.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0628\u0650\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0650 ...<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

doubt (about)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0634\u0643\u0651 (\u0641\u0650\u064a) \u062c \u0634\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0648\u0643<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

stock exchange<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0628\u064f\u0648\u0631\u0652\u0635\u0629 \u062c ~\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

Sana\u2018a<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0635\u0646\u0652\u0639\u0627\u0621\u064f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

leakage; seeping in (verbal noun)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064f\u0651\u0628<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

damage<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062c \u0623\u0636\u0652\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

compensation (for)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u062a\u0639\u0652\u0648\u0650\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a (\u062c) (\u0639\u0646)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

469<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n
\n\n\n\n
\n

18<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\ufd3e<\/span>\u064a\u064e\u0627 \u0623\u064e\u064a\u064f\u0651\u0647\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0630\u0650\u064a\u0646\u064e \u0622\u0645\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0627\u0652 \u0627\u062f\u0652\u062e\u064f\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0650\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0650\u0651\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0643\u064e\u0627\u0641\u064e\u0651\u0629\u064b<\/span>\ufd3f <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0661\u0668<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
\n

collection; group<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u062c\u0652\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c ~\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

May your evening be pleasant!<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0637\u0627\u0628\u064e \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0624\u064f\u0643\u064f\u0645.<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

analyst<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0644 \u062c ~\u0648\u0646\u064e<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

while, as long as (conj<\/em>.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0651<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

manuscript<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u062e\u0652\u0637\u064f\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u062c ~\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

phenomenon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0631\u0629 \u062c \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0650\u0631\u064f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

supported (with)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0651\u0645 \u062c ~\u0648\u0646\u064e (\u0628\u0650\u0640)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

noon<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0638\u0647\u0650\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

candidate; applicant<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064f\u0631\u0634\u0651\u062d \u062c ~\u0648\u0646\u064e<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

sinking (verbal noun<\/em>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u063a\u0631\u0642<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

absolute<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064f\u0637\u0652\u0644\u0642<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

only that, but, how-ever, nevertheless (conj<\/em>.)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u063a\u064a\u0652\u0631\u064e \u0623\u0646\u0651<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

office; position<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u0646\u0652\u0635\u0650\u0628 \u062c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0650\u0628\u064f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

scandal<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0641\u0636\u0650\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u062c \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0650\u062d\u064f<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

resulting (from)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0650\u0645 (\u0639\u0646)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

events; activities<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0650\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a (\u062c)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

rare<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0650\u0631 \u062c ~\u0648\u0646\u064e<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

video<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

(oil) tanker<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0650\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0652\u0637\u064d \u062c ~\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

value; amount; price<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0642\u0650\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062c \u0642\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0645<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

to publish; to spread<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631 (\u064a\u0646\u0652\u0634\u064f\u0631\u064f \u0646\u0634\u0652\u0631\u064b\u0627)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

merely, only<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u064f\u062c<\/span>\u0631\u0651\u062f<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

\n

to leave, to let<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0648\u062f\u0639 (\u064a\u062f\u0639\u064f \u0648\u062f\u0652\u0639\u064b\u0627)<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n

<\/td>\n\n

journal, magazine<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u062c ~<\/sub>\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n

\u0662<\/strong><\/span> \"\"\u00a0 \u0625\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0663<\/strong><\/span> \u00a0<\/strong>\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0651 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0624\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>\u00a0 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n